| Foreword xv Preface xvii Part I Introduction
1 Chapter 1 What Does It Mean to Be Object Oriented, Anyway? 3 1.1
Encapsulation 9
1.2 Information/Implementation Hiding 12
1.3 State Retention
14
1.4 Object Identity 15
1.5 Messages 19 1.5.1
Message structure 19
1.5.2 Message arguments 21
1.5.3 The roles of objects
in messages 23
1.5.4 Types of message 25 1.6 Classes
27
1.7 Inheritance 33
1.8 Polymorphism 38
1.9 Genericity 43
1.10
Summary 48
1.11 Exercises 50
1.12 Answers 52 Chapter 2 A Brief
History of Object Orientation 57 2.1 Where Did Object Orientation Come
From? 57 2.1.1 Larry Constantine 58
2.1.2 O.-J. Dahl
and K. Nygaard 58
2.1.3 Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, and others 58
2.1.4
Edsger Dijkstra 58
2.1.5 Barbara Liskov 59
2.1.6 David Parnas 59
2.1.7
Jean Ichbiah and others 59
2.1.8 Bjarne Stroustrup 59
2.1.9 Bertrand Meyer
60
2.1.10 Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and Jim Rumbaugh 60 2.2
Object Orientation Comes of Age 60
2.3 Object Orientation As an Engineering
Discipline 62
2.4 What's Object Orientation Good For? 64 2.4.1
Analyzing users' requirements 65
2.4.2 Designing software 65
2.4.3 Constructing
software 66
2.4.4 Maintaining software 69
2.4.5 Using software 69
2.4.6 Managing software projects 70 2.5 Summary 73
2.6 Exercises 75
2.7 Answers 76 Part II The Unified Modeling Language
77 Chapter 3 Basic Expression of Classes, Attributes, and Operations
85 3.1 The Class 85
3.2 Attributes 87
3.3 Operations 89
3.4 Overloaded Operations 92
3.5 Visibility of Attributes and Operations 93
3.6 Class Attributes and Operations 94
3.7 Abstract Operations and Classes
95
3.8 The Utility 97
3.9 Parameterized Classes 98
3.10 Summary 100
3.11 Exercises 102
3.12 Answers 103 Chapter 4 Class Diagrams 107 4.1
The Generalization Construct 108 4.1.1 Single inheritance
108
4.1.2 Multiple inheritance 110
4.1.3 Subclass partitioning 110
4.1.4 Partitioning discriminators 114 4.2 The Association
Construct 115 4.2.1 The basic UML notation for associations
116
4.2.2 Associations depicted as classes 119
4.2.3 Higher-order associations
120
4.2.4 Navigability of associations 122 4.3 Whole/Part
Associations 123 4.3.1 Composition 123
4.3.2 Aggregation
126 4.4 Summary 130
4.5 Exercises 131
4.6 Answers
133 Chapter 5 Object-Interaction Diagrams 137 5.1 The Collaboration
Diagram 138 5.1.1 Depicting a message 139
5.1.2 Polymorphism
in the collaboration diagram 142
5.1.3 Iterated messages 143
5.1.4 Use
of self in messages 144 5.2 The Sequence Diagram 146
5.3 Asynchronous Messages and Concurrent Execution 149 5.3.1
Depicting an asynchronous message 149
5.3.2 The callback mechanism 151
5.3.3 Asynchronous messages with priority 155
5.3.4 Depicting a broadcast
(nontargeted) message 157 5.4 Summary 159
5.5 Exercises
161
5.6 Answers 162 Chapter 6 State Diagrams 164 6.1 Basic
State Diagrams 165
6.2 Nested States 167
6.3 Concurrent States and Synchronization
171
6.4 Transient States from Message-Result Arguments 176
6.5 Continuously
Variable Attributes 178
6.6 Summary 180
6.7 Exercises 182
6.8 Answers
184 Chapter 7 Architecture and Interface Diagrams 188 7.1 Depicting
System Architecture 189 7.1.1 Packages 189
7.1.2 Deployment
diagrams for hardware artifacts 191
7.1.3 Deployment diagrams for software
constructs 193 7.2 Depicting the Human Interface 196
7.2.1 The window-layout diagram 196
7.2.2 The window-navigation diagram
198
7.2.3 A brief digression: What's object oriented about a GUI? 200 7.3
Summary 202
7.4 Exercises 203
7.5 Answers 204 Part III The Principles
of Object-Oriented Design 207 Chapter 8 Encapsulation and Connascence
209 8.1 Encapsulation Structure 209 8.1.1 Levels
of encapsulation 210
8.1.2 Design criteria governing interacting levels of
encapsulation 212 8.2 Connascence 214 8.2.1
Varieties of connascence 214
8.2.2 Contranascence 220
8.2.3 Connascence
and encapsulation boundaries 221
8.2.4 Connascence and maintainability 222
8.2.5 Connascence abuses in object-oriented systems 224
8.2.6 The term connascence
227 8.3 Summary 228
8.4 Exercises 230
8.5 Answers
231 Chapter 9 Domains, Encumbrance, and Cohesion 233 9.1 Domains
of Object Classes 234 9.1.1 The foundation domain 235
9.1.2 The architecture domain 235
9.1.3 The business domain 236
9.1.4
The application domain 237
9.1.5 The source of classes in each domain 238 9.2
Encumbrance 241 9.2.1 What is encumbrance? 241
9.2.2
The use of encumbrance 244
9.2.3 The Law of Demeter 244 9.3
Class Cohesion: A Class and Its Features 246 9.3.1 Mixed-instance
cohesion 247
9.3.2 Mixed-domain cohesion 248
9.3.3 Mixed-role cohesion
250 9.4 Summary 253
9.5 Exercises 254
9.6 Answers
255 Chapter 10 State-Space and Behavior 259 10.1 State-Space
and Behavior of a Class 259
10.2 The State-Space of a Subclass 263
10.3
The Behavior of a Subclass 266
10.4 The Class Invariant as a Restriction on
a State-Space 267
10.5 Preconditions and Postconditions 269
10.6 Summary
272
10.7 Exercises 273
10.8 Answers 274 Chapter 11 Type Conformance
and Closed Behavior 278 11.1 Class versus Type 279
11.2 The Principle
of Type Conformance 281 11.2.1 The principles of contravariance
and covariance 282
11.2.2 An example of contravariance and covariance 283
11.2.3 A graphic illustration of contravariance and covariance 288
11.2.4
A summary of the requirements for type conformance 290 11.3
The Principle of Closed Behavior 291
11.4 Summary 294
11.5 Exercises 295
11.6 Answers 296 Chapter 12 The Perils of Inheritance and Polymorphism
299 12.1 Abuses of Inheritance 299 12.1.1 Mistaken aggregates
300 12.1.2 Inverted hierarchy 301
12.1.3 Confusing class
and instance 302
12.1.4 Misapplying is a 306 12.2 The
Danger of Polymorphism 309 12.2.1 Polymorphism of operations
309
12.2.2 Polymorphism of variables 312
12.2.3 Polymorphism in messages
314
12.2.4 Polymorphism and genericity 316 12.3 Summary
319
12.4 Exercises 320
12.5 Answers 322 Chapter 13 Techniques
for Organizing Operations 327 13.1 Mix-In Classes 327
13.1.1 A business example 328
13.1.2 A graphics example 333 13.2
Rings of Operations 336 13.3 Summary 342
13.4 Exercises 343
13.5
Answers 344 Chapter 14 Class Cohesion and Support of States and Behavior
349 14.1 State Support in a Class Interface 350
14.2 Behavior Support
in a Class Interface 352
14.3 Operation Cohesion in a Class Interface 360
14.4 Summary 364
14.5 Exercises 366
14.5 Answers 371 Chapter
15 Designing a Software Component 377 15.1 What Is a Component? 378
15.2 Similarities and Differences Between Components and Objects 380
15.3
Example of a Component 382
15.4 Internal Design of a Component 389
15.5
Lightweight and Heavyweight Components 397
15.6 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Using Components 400
15.7 Summary 406
15.8 Exercises 408
15.9 Answers
409 Appendix A: Checklist for an Object-Oriented Design Walkthrough 411
Appendix B: The Object-Oriented Design Owner's Manual 417
Appendix C: The
Blitz Guide to Object-Oriented Terminology 423 Glossary 425
Bibliography
443
Index 451
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