| Foreword xv Preface xvii Part I Introduction
1 Chapter 1 What Does It Mean to Be Object-Oriented, Anyway? 3
1.1 Encapsulation 9
1.2 Information/Implementation Hiding 11
1.3 State
Retention 13
1.4 Object Identity 14
1.5 Messages 18 1.5.1
Message structure 18
1.5.2 Message arguments 19
1.5.3 The roles of objects
in messages 21
1.5.4 Types of message 22 1.6 Classes
24
1.7 Inheritance 29
1.8 Polymorphism 34
1.9 Genericity 39
1.10
Summary 44
1.11 Exercises 46
1.12 Answers 48 Chapter
2 Object-Orientation-Who Ordered That? 51 2.1 Where Did Object
Orientation Come From? 51 2.1.1 Larry Constantine 52
2.1.2 O.-J. Dahl and K. Nygaard 52
2.1.3 Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, and others
52
2.1.4 Edsger Dijkstra 52
2.1.5 Barbara Liskov 53
2.1.6 David Parnas
53
2.1.7 Jean Ichbiah and others 53
2.1.8 Bjarne Stroustrup 53
2.1.9
Bertrand Meyer 54 2.2 Object Orientation in a Social Context
54 2.2.1 The history of the mainstream 54
2.2.2 To the
barricades: the object-oriented revolutionaries 55
2.2.3 Forward to the past:
the object-oriented reactionaries 56
2.2.4 Enter the evolutionists (stage
middle) 56 2.3 Object Orientation As an Engineering Discipline
59
2.4 What's Object Orientation Good For? 60 2.4.1
Analyzing users' requirements 61
2.4.2 Designing software 61
2.4.3 Constructing
software 62
2.4.4 Maintaining software 63
2.4.5 Using software 64
2.4.6 Managing software projects 65 2.5 Summary 66
2.6 Exercises 68
2.7 Answers 69 Part II Object-Oriented
Design Notation 71 Chapter 3 The Basic Notation for Classes and Methods
75 3.1 The Goals of OODN 75
3.2 The Class Symbol 78
3.3 Modifier and Accessor Methods 78
3.4 The Class-External-Interface Diagram
79
3.5 Function-Style Methods 81
3.6 Overloaded Methods 84
3.7 Further
Notation for Methods 85
3.8 The Package 88
3.9 The Class-Internal-Design
Diagram 89
3.10 Summary 92
3.11 Exercises 93
3.12 Answers 94 Chapter
4 Inheritance and Aggregation Diagrams 97 4.1 The Class-Inheritance
Diagram 97
4.2 Aggregate Objects and Their Components 100
4.2.1 The object-aggregation diagram 100
4.2.2 Aggregate objects with
generic classes in their components 103 4.3 Summary 106
4.4 Exercises 107
4.5 Answers 108 Chapter 5 The Object-Communication
Diagram 111 5.1 Synchronous Messaging 111 5.1.1
Depicting a synchronous message 112
5.1.2 Polymorphism in the object-communication
diagram 115
5.1.3 Iterated messages 116
5.1.4 Use of self in messages
118
5.1.5 Messages that result in exceptions 120 5.2
Asynchronous Messaging and Concurrent Execution 121 5.2.1
Depicting an asynchronous message 123
5.2.2 Depicting a target object's capability
to receive multiple messages 125
5.2.3 Depicting a target object's capability
to process multiple messages concurrently 126
5.2.4 Depicting a broadcast
(nontargeted) message 129
5.2.5 Depicting other mechanisms to support concurrency
130
5.2.6 Object-interaction/timing diagrams 131 5.3
Summary 135
5.4 Exercises 136
5.5 Answers 137 Chapter
6 State-Transition Diagrams 140 6.1 Basic State-Transition
Diagrams 140
6.2 Nested States 142
6.3 Message Arguments 145
6.4 Continuous
Variables 148
6.5 State Definitions 149
6.6 Summary 151
6.7 Exercises
152
6.8 Answers 153 Chapter 7 Additional OODN Diagrams
155 7.1 Depicting Database Access 155 7.1.1
Persistence 156
7.1.2 Navigational and scanning queries 157
7.1.3 Access
to data files 160
7.1.4 Class migration 161 7.2 Depicting
System Architecture 162
7.3 Depicting the Human Interface 166
7.4 Summary
170
7.5 Exercises 171
7.6 Answers 173 Part III The
Principles of Object-Oriented Design 177 Chapter 8 Encapsulation and Connascence
179 8.1 Encapsulation Structure 179 8.1.1
Levels of encapsulation 180
8.1.2 Design criteria governing interacting levels
of encapsulation 181 8.2 Connascence 183
8.2.1 Varieties of connascence 183
8.2.2 Contranascence 188
8.2.3
Connascence and encapsulation boundaries 189
8.2.4 Connascence and maintainability
190
8.2.5 Connascence abuses in object-oriented systems 192 8.3
Summary 196
8.4 Exercises 197
8.5 Answers 198 Chapter
9 Domains, Encumbrance, and Cohesion 200 9.1 Domains of Object
Classes 200 9.1.1 The foundation domain 201
9.1.2 The
architectural domain 202
9.1.3 The business domain 203
9.1.4 The application
domain 204
9.1.5 The source of classes in each domain 205 9.2
Encumbrance 207 9.2.1 Definition of encumbrance 207
9.2.2 The use of encumbrance 210
9.2.3 The Law of Demeter 211 9.3
Class Cohesion: A Class and Its Methods 212 9.3.1 Mixed-instance
cohesion 213
9.3.2 Mixed-domain cohesion 214
9.3.3 Mixed-role cohesion
217 9.4 Summary 219
9.5 Exercises 220
9.6 Answers
221 Chapter 10 Properties of Classes and Subclasses 225
10.1 State-Space and Behavior of a Class 226
10.2 The State-Space of a
Subclass 229
10.3 The Behavior of a Subclass 231
10.4 The Class Invariant
As a Restriction on a State-Space 233
10.5 Preconditions and Postconditions
236
10.6 The Principle of Type Conformance 238
10.7 Subclasses As Subtypes
240
10.8 The Principle of Closed Behavior 247
10.9 Summary 250
10.10
Exercises 252
10.11 Answers 254 Chapter 11 The Perils of
Inheritance and Polymorphism 259 11.1 Abuses of Inheritance 260
11.1.1 Mistaken aggregates 260
11.1.2 Inverted hierarchy 262
11.1.3
Confusing class and instance 263
11.1.4 Misapplying is a 265 11.2
The Danger of Polymorphism 269 11.2.1 Polymorphism in messages
269
11.2.2 Polymorphism and genericity 275 11.3 Summary
279
11.4 Exercises 280
11.5 Answers 282 Chapter 12 Class Interfaces
285 12.1 Mix-In Classes 286
12.2 Rings of Methods 289
12.3 Quality of a Class Interface 293 12.3.1 State support
in a class interface 294
12.3.2 Behavior support in a class interface 296
12.3.3 Method cohesion in a class interface 303 12.4 Summary
307
12.5 Exercises 309
12.6 Answers 315 Appendix
A: Checklist for an Object-Oriented Design Walkthrough 325
Appendix
B: The Object-Oriented Design Owner's Manual 331
Appendix C: Blitz
Guide to Object-Oriented Terminology 337 Glossary 339 Bibliography
357 Index 363
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