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A
ACME Software, 149-52 Albrecht, Karl, 159 Assessment,
see Self-assessment Auditors, 167 top B
Bartkowski, Steve, 172 Bean, L.L., 159 Boyles, Bobby,
172 Brooks, Frederick P., Jr., 191 Build technique, 118
top C Capability
Maturity Model (CMM), 83 Certified Software Test Engineer (CSTE), 41, 44
Challenges, 4, 7-11 Change, 133-48 (see also
Management, of change) control, 135, 137-38, 144, 147 impact analysis,
136, 144-46 measurement of, 186, 188, 190 people and, 183, 184-86
request, 144 ripple effect of, 134, 135-36 risk and, 176-77,
189 sources of, 147 support for, 183, 184-86
Checkpoint administrative worksheet, 39-40 Churchill, Winston, 172 Communication,
10, 48, 49, 51, 55, 92-106, 122ff. criticism, constructive,
54 with customers, 9, 19, 22, 92-106 with developers, 10, 20, 22,
52, 54, 122, 124, 125, 129 gap, 99 with management, 90 techniques,
100 of testing role, 157, 158 with users, 9, 19, 22, 92-106
Conferences, 31, 33, 36, 42, 71, 89 Configuration control, 147 Congruence,
98, 159 Conway, Brendan, 147, 191 Cosby, Bill, 106 Covey,
Stephen R., 51, 56, 191 Culture, 124, 131, 159, 170 Customers:
communicating with, 9, 19, 22, 92-106 defect discovery and, 58, 78,
150, 152, 167 end-users vs., 9, 94 expectations of testing, 149,
155-56, 167, 174 external, 94-95 identification of, 94, 95, 98,
106 internal, 94-95 involvement, 4ff., 9, 92ff., 101-4, 105, 159
role of, 95-96, 97 system concerns of, 167 teamwork with,
98 testing and, 96-97, 155-56, 159 top D
Dashboard, for testing, 81, 82 Defects:
blame for, 2, 10, 11, 45, 51, 56, 77, 79, 109, 123, 125, 149, 151, 159, 165
caused by changes, 139, 147 cost of, 78, 120, 167 counting of, 172
definition of, 158 fatigue and, 58 location of, 107, 153
management and, 28-29, 162-63 manual testing and, 58 missed, 58,
78, 79, 109, 139ff. removal efficiency, 129 reporting, 149-51, 161-74
sources of, 27 toleration of, 150, 152, 167 zero, 157-58
DeMarco, Tom, 191 Deming, W. Edwards, 170-71 Developers:
accountability, 123-24, 126, 127 defect reports and, 162-63, 172
ratio to testers, 119 system concerns of, 166-67, 174 testers and,
2, 8, 45-56, 119, 122-32 testing by, 28, 30, 31, 34, 53, 68, 123, 130,
131, 136, 156 tools and, 68 unit testing and, 122, 124, 136, 162
top E
Einstein, Albert, 132 End-users: (see also User
acceptance testing) adversarial attitude of, 104-5
communicating with, 9, 19, 22, 92-106 customer vs., 9, 94 expectations
of testing, 102, 167, 174 external, 94-95 identification of, 95,
98, 106 internal, 94-95 involvement of, 4ff., 9, 92ff., 101-4, 105
revision requests and, 146 role of, 95-96, 97 system concerns
of, 166-67 teamwork with, 98 testing by, 26, 28, 30, 31, 34, 53,
96-97 Expectation gap, 101-2 Expectations of testing,
101-2, 109, 110, 149, 155-56, 157-58, 166-68, 174 top F
Fantastic Foods example, 108-10 Foster, Willa A., 158 Freedman,
Daniel P., 191 Frustration gap, 15 top G
Gause, Donald C., 191 top H
Heraclitus, 146 Hugo, Victor, 120 Humphrey, Watts
S., 70, 192 top I
I-just-changed-one-line-of-code syndrome, 139 Impact analysis,
144-46 Implementation, 2 Inspections, 35, 79, 120, 166, 169, 172
Inspectors, 167, 169 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE), 165 Integration testing, 63, 68, 136 top J
Johnson, Lyndon B., 146 Jones, Capers, 147, 192
top K
Karten, Naomi, 155-56, 157 Keyes, Jessica, 70, 192 top L
Lister, Timothy R., 191 Littlewood, B., 192
top M Management:
(see also Managers; Tools, management and) of change, 10, 88,
124, 133ff., 137ff., 144, 177 culture vs., 124, 131, 159, 170 customer
involvement and, 105 dealing with, 85 defects reports, 28-29, 162-63
dependence on testing, 79 developer testing and, 131 motivation
for improvement, 130-31 process focus of, 76, 83-84, 152, 157, 170
process maturity and, 82-84, 152, 170 responsibility, 87, 90 rewards
and, 188-89 stakeholders, 84-85 tester burnout and, 114 testing,
strategic view of, 81-82, 155 testing, support for, 9, 18, 19, 22, 27,
41-42, 50, 53, 55, 77ff., 86ff., 117, 123, 124, 125, 131, 152-53, 180-82
training, support for, 25ff., 36-37, 38, 41-42 Managers:
system concerns of, 167 of testing activities, 77, 78, 86-87
testing and, 9, 18, 19, 50, 75-91 Markham, Edwin, 55
Measurement: for process improvement, 186, 188, 190
for testing, 81, 86, 90, 106, 124, 129-30, 132, 148, 170 Mosley,
Daniel J., 192
top N
Newton, Howard W., 105 top
P Performance testing, see Regression
testing Perry, William E., 41, 188-89, 192 Plan of action, 12, 13,
16, 175-90 (see also Process improvement) advisors
and, 72 baseline, 175, 179, 180-82 goal, 175, 182-83 measurement
of, 186, 188, 190 people for, 176, 179, 183, 184-87 resources for,
175 rewards for, 176, 179, 186, 188-89, 190 schedule for, 176
for training, 43-44 way for, 176, 178-89 will for, 176-78
You Bet Your Job game, 178 Politics, organizational, 1, 3,
23, 78, 170, 185 Process focus, 76, 83-84, 152, 157, 170 Process
improvement, 129-30, 176ff. (see also Plan of action)
goal of, 182-83 measurement of, 186, 188, 190 people and,
183, 184-87 resistance to, 130 rewards for, 186, 188-89, 190 risk
and, 176-77 six-step process for, 179-89 Process maturity,
82-84, 129-30, 132, 152, 170 Project: champions, 84-85,
89, 91, 157 checkpoint, 38, 39-40 communication, 99-100 customers
and, 96-97 end-users and, 96-97 progress tracking, 49 stakeholders,
73, 84-85, 91 Project Infinity example, 134-36 Prototyping,
68, 93, 97, 135 Proverbs, 72, 106 top Q
Quality assurance groups, 41, 44, 89, 192-94 Quality Assurance
Institute (QAI), 8, 41, 82, 83, 126-27, 192 Quality control, 127, 153,
159 Quality of software, 10-11, 43, 130, 158, 175 accountability
for, 122, 123 communication and, 10 conferences on, 31, 33, 36,
42, 71, 89 criteria for, 20 Kaizen concept and, 183 levels
of, 20, 21, 22 management and, 77, 80, 90, 117, 131 responsibility
for, 11, 47, 124, 153, 159 zero defects, 157-58
top R Rapid
application development (RAD), 35, 60, 68, 134, 135, 136, 143-44 Rational
Software, 61, 140, 141 Reagan, Ronald, 146 Regression defects, 112-13
Regression testing, 28, 59, 60, 62, 63, 68, 119, 136, 137, 139-43, 148
automated, 141, 143 manual, 140-41 pseudo, 141
Requirements, 10, 18, 81, 117-18 cause-effect graphing, 120
changes to, 10, 20, 133ff. definition, 20, 35, 68-69, 81, 96, 97
documentation, 20, 35 reverse-engineered, 117-18 testing and, 103-4,
110, 114-15, 116, 123, 124 for tool, 68-69 user acceptance testing
and, 103-4 Review, post-implementation, 170 Rice, Randall
W., 45-47, 123-24, 157-58 Risk, 4ff., 111, 154, 176-77
analysis, 55, 64, 121, 146 assessments, 115 of defects, 167
process improvement and, 176-77 reward and, 189 test design
and, 110, 115 Robbins, Anthony, 55 Rohn, Jim, 43, 56,
72, 90 Ruskin, John, 131 top
S Scheduling, 9, 19, 22, 76, 78,
80, 89, 90, 108, 110, 112, 119, 176 Scope creep, 118 Self-assessment,
7, 13ff., 91, 175 as a baseline, 14, 175 categories
of, 7ff., 15, 22 instructions, 15-16 interpretation of, 22-24
personal vision and, 14 summarization of, 16, 22 Simmons,
C., 173 Skills: (see also Skills, essential; Skills, optional;
Training) people-related, 17ff., 24 self-assessment
of, 17ff. Tester 1, 3-4, 7 Tester 2, 3-4, 7 for
testing, 4ff., 26, 28-36 testing process and, 4ff.
Skills, essential, 28-29, 30 defect management, 28, 30, 36
test execution, 28, 30, 34-35 test planning, 28, 30, 33, 34-35 test
tool usage, 28, 30 Skills, optional, 28, 29, 30
building a test environment, 29, 30, 36 risk analysis, 29, 30, 33
test case design, 29, 30, 33 test measurement, 29, 30, 36
Software Engineering Institute (SEI), 83 Stakeholders, see Project,
stakeholders Stress testing, 28, 59 Strigini, L., 192 Sugarman,
Joseph, 173 System: attributes, 29 change to,
134ff. checkpoint worksheet, 39-40 concerns, 166, 167 construction,
97 design, 97 development, 75, 92, 96 legacy, 108 purchase,
92, 96, 98 testing, 28ff., 35, 62, 68, 103-4, 111, 136
top T Teamwork,
8, 45, 46-47, 49, 51, 52, 126 Technical support, 28, 30, 31 Test,
1 (see also Test reporting) bed process, 142-43
cases, 27, 33, 59, 79, 104, 107, 110, 121, 138, 139, 140 coverage, 112
criteria, 10, 22, 81, 110, 112, 114-15, 117-18, 121, 133, 137 design
of, 110-11 documentation, 163, 169-70 evaluation, 97 execution,
97 kinds of, 28 modular, 110, 115, 116, 136, 139, 148 plan
for, 10, 33, 38, 97, 134, 138 reuse, 115-16, 121, 148 scripts, 115-16,
138-39, 142 standards, 122, 124, 126-28, 132, 164-65 template, 138
Tester 1, 3-4, 7 Tester 2, 3-4, 7, 50
Testers, 2-3 (see also Skills; Training) accountability,
131, 132 burnout of, 57, 113-14, 169 courage, 171 developers
and, 2, 8, 45-56, 119, 122-32 independent, 30, 31, 34, 45, 68, 108, 125
lose-lose situations and, 10-11, 149-60 and networking, 85, 89 perception
of, 171 production software and, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 149, 150, 168, 171 ratio
to developers, 119 recommendations of, 11, 22, 151 responsibility,
10, 87, 132, 153 Testing: (see also
Expectations of testing; Integration testing; Regression testing; Scheduling;
Skills; Stress testing; System testing; Tools; Testing process) action
plan for, 175-90 automated, 58ff., 80, 113, 116-17, 121, 143, 144, 148
awareness of, 85, 90-91, 157 backlog, 137, 143-44 beta, 96,
102-3 budget for, 6, 9-10, 18, 19, 22, 43, 55, 59, 89 career in,
13, 171-72, 189 charter, 86, 91, 154-55, 159-60, 171 complexity
of, 111, 153 as continua, 4ff. cost of, 36, 37, 43, 70, 90, 126 effectiveness
of, 43, 67, 75-76, 170 estimates of, 110, 116 functional, 29, 30,
97, 103 importance of, 57, 75, 85, 131 interdependent, 45, 50, 52
involvement in, 53-54, 55, 56 kinds of, 29ff., 59, 62 management
and, 9, 18, 19, 22, 25ff., 53, 55, 75-91, 117, 123ff., 131, 152-53, 180-82
manual, 57, 59, 60, 80, 112-13 marketing of, 90, 91, 154 measurement
and, 86, 110, 115, 116, 117-18, 121, 165, 170 outsourced, 105, 128, 130,
177 phases of, 35, 61-62 as quality control, 55, 76, 78, 88-89,
109, 117, 159, 168 requirements and, 103-4, 110, 114-15, 116, 123, 124
responsibility for, 87, 125, 153, 154, 159 reuse and, 115-16, 121
rework and, 125, 126, 137, 138-39 risk and, 111, 154, 176-77 role
of, 149, 154, 157, 158, 167-68 scope of, 28, 107, 110, 111, 114, 118, 120,
123, 153 structural, 29, 30 of system, 28ff., 35, 62, 103-4 system
development and, 75 time for, 2, 9-10, 18, 19, 36, 80, 85, 90, 107-21 traditional,
47-48 as training, 27 trial-and-error, 36 win-win approach
to, 51, 52, 55 Testing process, 1, 21, 53, 88, 121, 123, 127,
132, 152-53, 160 change mechanism for, 138-39 management
of, 81, 152-53 maturity of, 82-83 tools and, see Tools
variables in, 4ff. Test reporting, 97, 149-51, 161-74
approaches, 163-74 audience of, 166-67 by developers, 172 management
and, 162ff., 166-67, 171 objectivity and, 164, 165, 168-69 outline
for, 165-66 process and, 164-65, 166, 173, 174 standards for, 165,
173 Throw-it-over-the-wall syndrome, 122ff. Tools:
automated test execution, 62, 63, 66 capture/playback,
59, 62, 63, 66 categories, 62-66 checklist, 62, 65 cost of,
61-62, 69, 68 cost/benefit analysis of, 69, 70 defect tracker, 62,
64-65 developers and, 68 flowchart, 62, 65 inventory of,
72 logic and complexity analyzer, 62, 64 management and, 57, 58,
66-67, 70-72, 76, 80 purchasing, 57, 58 rapid application development,
134, 135, 136 requirements for, 68-69 script execution, 59 selection
of, 59ff., 71, 72, 73-74 support for use of, 18, 22 survey, 68 test
case generators, 59, 62, 64 test coverage analyzer, 62, 63-64 test
data generators, 59, 62, 64 testing process and, 6, 58, 67, 70, 71, 72,
73-74, 132 testing without, 8, 57-74, 80 test manager, 62, 65 test
script, 62, 65-66 training for, 69, 74 use of, 71, 72, 73, 116-17
vendors, 66-67, 69, 74 Total Quality Management (TQM),
170-71 Training: budget for, 36, 37, 38, 42
certification, 41 charter and, 160 developers and, 3, 123, 124,
128-29, 132 kinds of, 31-33, 36 lack of, 33, 36 management support
for, 25ff., 36-37, 38, 41-42 of self, 37, 38, 41, 44 testers and, 3, 8,
16, 17, 18, 22, 25-44, 132 time for, 38, 42
top U
Unit testing, 28, 62, 68, 111, 122, 124, 136, 162 Us-and-them
approach, 52-53 U.S. Congress Office of Technology, 146 User acceptance
testing, 28, 31, 34, 93, 95, 96, 102-4, 166 complexity and,
111 design of, 104 Karten example, 155-56 test tools and,
62, 68 training for, 105, 106 Users, see End-users
Us-versus-them mentality, 2, 8, 45, 48-50, 52-53, 55, 125
communication and, 48, 49, 51, 125 cooperation and, 48, 49 loyalty
and, 50 morale and, 49
top V
V diagram, 35, 103 top W
Waterfall software development, 2, 68 Watson, Tom, Sr.,
177 Webb, Jack, 173 Weinberg, Gerald M., 98, 191, 192 WIIFM,
54, 154 Workbench model, 126-27 World Wide Web, 69-70 Wright,
Norman H., 173 top Y
Yutang, Lin, 120
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